Abstract: The measurement of rural residents’ income-increasing ability and the analysis of temporal and spatial evolution are important methods to study rural residents’ income increase and regional imbalance. Based on income sources, 16 indicators are selected to construct an evaluation index system for rural residents’ income-increasing ability, which measured the income-increasing ability of rural residents in 41 prefecture-level cities in the Yangtze River Delta from 2017 to 2019. Using the principal component-grey correlation degree comprehensive analysis method, the Dagum Gini coefficient and its subgroup decomposition method, the temporal evolution and spatial distribution characteristics of rural residents’ income-increasing ability in the Yangtze River Delta are analyzed. The results show that (1) the income-increasing ability of rural residents in the Yangtze River Delta is generally increasing year by year, and the realization efficiency of capacity in some areas is low; (2) The income-increasing ability of rural residents in the Yangtze River Delta has significant regional differences, with a decreasing distribution from southeast to northwest in space; (3) The regional differences and imbalances in the income-increasing capacity of rural residents in the Yangtze River Delta are expanding year by year, and the phenomenon of Anhui Province being left behind is becoming more and more serious.