Abstract: Green finance is a critical tool for achieving sustainable economic development, while strategic emerging industries serve as key drivers of leapfrog economic growth. The coordinated development of both is essential for promoting high-quality economic progress. This study empirically investigates the coupling coordination mechanism and spatiotemporal dynamic evolution of green finance and strategic emerging industries across 30 provinces in China from 2010 to 2021. The findings reveal that: (1) the coupling coordination degree between green finance and strategic emerging industries in China has steadily increased over time, though high-quality coordination has not yet been fully achieved. Additionally, in most regions, the development of green finance is ahead of that of strategic emerging industries; (2) over the sample period, the coupling coordination degree across provinces forms an “olive-shaped” pattern, with fewer regions at the extremes of the scale and more in the middle; (3) the coupling coordination degree follows a spatial distribution of “east-high, west-low,” indicating significant regional disparities; (4) in the coupling relationship, green finance has a more substantial positive impact on the development of strategic emerging industries. The degree of coupling coordination is primarily influenced by regional economic development, environmental policies, and technological innovation. Finally, the paper offers recommendations for optimizing the green finance environment, leveraging driving factors to enhance the coupling coordination of both systems, and accelerating their coordinated regional development.