Abstract: The absence of legal protection to farmers' rights and interests, especially the economic rights and interests, has become the bottleneck to the rural economic development and farmers' income growth.Although the Third Plenary Session of the 17th CPC Central Committee has brought forward that farmers' political, economic, cultural and social rights and interests should be protected, specific measures have to be taken to realize the protection of their economic rights and interests in practice, the connotation of the economic rights and interests have to be detailed and systematized, and some of the important rights and interests have to be upgraded to legal rights.Thus, it is essential to analyze the peculiarity of farmers' economic rights and interests and find a remedy suitable for the situation of Chinese rural areas.This paper first clarifies the connotation of farmers' economic rights and interests and restructures its system, then summarizes its peculiarities, and finally establishes a multilevel system of comprehensive legal protection through legislative arrangements and system design.