Abstract: Based on the provincial panel data from 2001 to 2013, this paper studies the influence of uncertainty degree, direction and psychological factors on the investment of human capital through measuring income uncertainty. The results show that the degree of uncertainty, the direction and the psychological factors all have a significant negative impact on human capital investment in rural household, and human capital investment in rural household shows a strong spatial autocorrelation. Based on this, this paper puts forward some suggestions on how to promote the investment of human capital in rural household in our country.