Abstract: Identifying and preventing the risk of grain industry chain is the internal requirement of ensuring grain security. The risks in the production and consumption links of China's grain industry chain are embodied in structural contradictions on the basis of tight balance of supply and demand:firstly, the production structure of grain products and the consumption structure are not fully matched; secondly, the grain consumption structure of urban and rural residents has different demands on the quality and quantity of grain production. The risk of China's grain industry chain in circulation is mainly reflected in the weakness of circulation system and the low circulation efficiency. The history and current situation of China's grain import show that grain import is not only an important strategic measure to ensure China's grain security, but also conducive to the prevention of risks in the grain industry chain.