Abstract: "poverty caused by disease" and "returning to poverty by disease" are the main causes of poverty in the current rural population. Under the background of rural health revitalization and poverty alleviation, it is particularly important to explore the impact of medical security on anti-poverty in order to provide constructive advice on the anti-poverty development of China's medical security. Taking CFPS data as an example, the article uses the FGT index to explore the anti-poverty benefits of China's medical security, and makes studies from four aspects: age differences, education level, income status and regional distribution. Next, it uses two models to explore the impact of various factors on medical choices and medical expenditures, which indirectly analyzes the poverty alleviation efficiency of various factors for medical poverty. The results show that for the older age, less education, lower income, and poor areas in the west, the incidence of poverty has dropped significantly. However, the anti-poverty efficiency of China's medical security is still insufficient, and it may hinder the anti-poverty function in the long run. Therefore, the design of medical security system should pay more attention to and give more care to poor and aged people. Medical security system should be constantly improved so as to promote the improvement of the anti-poverty efficiency of medical security.