Abstract: During the Period of the Republic of China, Xikang province suffered the proliferation of opium trade, an illegal move that endangers people's living and social stability. To solve this problem, the provincial government launched a campaign to fight against the opium trade, with such measures as establishing opium suppression organizations, framing regulations and enhancing publicity against opium trade, targeting to eliminate the symptom in various aspects of opium planting, trafficking, trading and smoking. Although certain efficacy had been made, these measures failed to suppress the opium trade completely.